I just started to have the same issue. I have multiple PC's all running outlook 2013 and one of them just stopped receiving mail.
The others work fine, and yeah I check that it is set to receive mail in the options, along with many other typical tasks like dissabling the av.
This is on WIN 7 pro.
I have uninstalled office. Deleted my ost and pst. Reinstalled office and re-created my mail account. Same issue. There must be some other setting in my profile or registry that is persisting
I am about to go back to Office 2010, I have already gone back to Win 7 after a terrible experience with 8.1 and its media centre licence issue and lack of driver support (which worked under WIN 8!!).
Seriously Microsoft! Do you just hate people?